Evaluating Virtual Paul’s Cross Project: A Performance, Visual, and Acoustic Model in Digital Humanities
Evaluating Virtual Paul’s Cross Project: A Performance, Visual, and Acoustic Model in Digital Humanities
I.INTRODUCTION
The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project is the reimagination and recreation on how John Donne delivered his sermon on Gunpowder Day, November 5, 1622 as real time event and performance using digital technology, visual architecture, acoustic engineering, archaeological methods, theatre and performance methods. The project is a collaborative work initiated and headed by Dr John N. Wall, a professor of sixteenth and seventeenth century English literature at NC State University and engaged in a long-term digital humanities project to relive the worship and preaching experience at St Paul’s Cathedral, London in the 1600s. The project started in 2011 after the funding grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) but completed the Virtual Paul’s Cross Project website(vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu) in 2013.
Inspired by Dr. Wall’s Grit and Resilience
I was inspired on how he overcome multiple rejection and failures before he accomplished this award- winning project. He shared on the interview,
“I have also had to persist in trying and trying again to get funding. It took 4 tries to get the initial grant, and 3 tries to get the second, larger one. In each case, I learned from failure, in ways that helped me refine my understanding of what I wanted to do and how I articulated that to the funding agencies”.
After visiting his website, reading journals about his project, and looking closely on how he answered on interviews, I emailed and thanked him for inspiring me:
“Your story motivates me to persevere in establishing International Center for Youth Development where I am the founder that I started since 2008. It is not going to be easy but it is possible. I developed the Philippines first internet based Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the Department of Education in my country”.
Dr. Wall emailed back immediately,
“I wish you all the best. Thank you for letting me know you found my website useful.”
- THE VIRTUAL PAUL’S CROSS PROJECT
Award-Winning and Team Project
The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project received the John Donne Society’s Award for Distinguished Publication in 2013 and Award for Best DH Data Visualization in the 2014 DH Awards pounding eight (8) nominees that includes , the University of Oxford, Aix-Marseille University, and the University of Pennsylvania. His project is a best depiction of the multidisciplinary nature of Digital Humanities and collaborated efforts with faculty from department of architecture, linguistic, and archaeology:
David Hill, associate professor of architecture at NC State University administered the development of the website and visual model;
John Schofield, an archaeologist at St Paul’s Cathedral, London and authored St Paul’s Before Wren (2011) provided the findings of his research about the archaeological and architectural history of pre-Fire at St Paul’s;
Joshua Stephens, a graduate student in architecture at NC State University built the visual model;
Ben Markham and Matthew Azebedo, acoustic engineers at ACENTECH in Cambridge, MA created the acoustic model;
Craig Johnson, Chelsea Sacks, and Jordan Gray, graduate students in Architecture at NC State University developed the website;
David Crystal, a linguist in United Kingdom prepared the script of John Donne’s sermon for Gunpowder Day, November 5, 1622;
Ben Crystal, an actor in London, UK performed the voice production for the recording of Donne’s sermon.
And more.
Social and Political Relevance
John Donne delivered his sermon from the preaching stand in the churchyard of St Paul’s Cathedral on November 5, 1622 known as Gunpowder Day or Guy Fawkes’ Day, the day Catholic zealots were discovered plotting to assassinate King James I and ruin the Houses of Parliament. It was the time when the entire nation commemorates the plot that occur 17 years earlier and gathered to celebrate the deliverance of the King and for the divine providence. The discord of the Catholics and Protestants shaped the politics in early modern England.
Oil Painting, John Donne (1573-1631), at the age of 49. Anon. British School, 1622. Image courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
In 1622, John Donne, at the age of 49 was the Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral that he indebted to King James I. The king promised that if he will accept the priesthood ordination, he will be given a noteworthy position in the Church of England. He was ordained in 1615, secured a Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge University, and named Donne a Royal Chaplain. He was appointed as Dean of St Paul’s in 1621 at the King’s request. He became an experienced preacher to a one- to- two- hour homily, a common practice of the clergy in the 17th century. Due to Donne’s close connections to the King, his sermons were preached not just for religious purpose but also to either defend or apologize for the King’s policies in religious affairs.
According to Virtual Paul’s Cross websites,
“The Paul’s Cross sermon was an early modern form of mass communication as well as an important feature of religious practice in post-Reformation England”.
“The broader political context…[of]… these sermons is the desire, on James‘ part, to secure a political alliance with the Spanish, as well as a substantial dowry to augment the Royal Treasury, by arranging the “Spanish Match,” a marriage for his son Charles with the Spanish princess Maria Anna, the youngest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria”.
King James Version of the Bible
When I was googling the web about this project, I asked the following questions:
- Why did Dr John T. Wall choose this project?
- What’s with this project that made him persistent amidst rejection and failures?
- As a web surfer or reader, what will I get from this website?
- How germane the project to my personal life that will motivate me to revisit and share it to others?
As I checked the historical background, I was surprised and goosebumps suddenly popped up, John Donne is related to King James I, who sponsored the publication of King James Bible, one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in shaping the Anglophone world.
John Donne presented King James I as a good man and comparable to King Josiah of the Bible, not King Zedekiah. He was also presented as a man of conviction standing for his Protestant beliefs.
Despite of his effort, Sir Anthony Weldon called him “the wisest fool in Christendom.” But in the latter half of the 20th century, historians revised his reputation to dedicated monarch. He was strongly committed to peace policy with Catholics the main reason that I really revered him as protestant leader. I am an emerging catholic leader and studied Pastoral Ministry at the Loyola School of Theology and understand that real Catholic and Protestant leaders are peace loving individuals.
Matthew 5:9 “ Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.” (King James Version)
The Making of Virtual Paul’s Cross Project
The team of Dr John Wall is creating a digital realm to experience, listen, and witness the sermon of John Donne, the dean of St Paul Cathedral in London preaching a homily at St Paul’s churchyard on November 5, 1622.
Dr Hall stated, “The interesting thing is that we can experience past events. It’s not time travel; it’s a model. But we can experience an event as it unfolds moment by moment, using our ears as well as our eyes, experiencing a recreation, not just holding a book.”
Performance Studies
In International academia, performance studies emerged after the separation of theatre studies from various English department to integrate with social sciences. Jon McKenzie (2001) explains:
“Theatre provided anthropologists and ethnographers with a model for studying how people and societies embody symbolic structure in living behavior. Social actors, role playing, the scripting and rehearsing of interactions, the importance of gesture, costume, setting and dramatization in maintaining and transforming social relations—all these concepts were explicitly developed from the study of theatre and applied to the analysis of ceremonies, festivals, and rituals.”
University of Manchester visiting scholar Sir Anril Pineda Tiatco, my theatre arts professor at the University of the Philippines wrote that the current theatre and performance studies follows the International academic paradigm “where the dramatic text is no longer the primacy in research activity but rather the tissue of embodiments and theories of enactments onstage”.
Figure 4: John Donne, Sermon for Gunpowder Day, November 5, 1622, Page One. From MS Royal. 17.B. XX. Image courtesy the British Library.
In Virtual Paul’ Cross Project, there was an integration of English, theatre and performance, architectural, acoustic engineering, and archeological studies. John T. Hall viewed the sermon, not a sermon or text itself but as a trace of the sermon-in-performance. He presented its significance when he quoted Edward Vaughan’s claim, “take away the preacher take away the word, take away the word take away hearing, take away hearing take away Faith, take away Faith take away calling upon God, take away calling upon God take away salvation in Christ” (Vaughan 1617, 25-6).
To make a realistic demonstration of Donne’s sermon for November 5, 1622, notable theatre actor Ben Crystal who studied 17th-century English dialects performed this sermon in anechoic (“without echoes” recording studio at the University of Salford, in Manchester, England. His father David Crystal, a distinguished linguist prepared the script.
Ben Crystal and John Wall in the anechoic chamber at the University of Salford, Manchester, UK
The crowd audience were recorded at Postpro Studio in Releigh, NC, USA and performed by students from NC State’s linguistics department.
Students and faculty in the linguistics program in the Department of English at NC State University, recording walla at Post Pro Studios, Raleigh, NC
There was a page on the website related to English and performance studies: Occasion section that summarizes the physical space of the cathedral focusing on the churchyard and the weather when Dean John Donne gave his preaching performance; Social Environment section presents the structure and the usual size of Paul’s cross audience around 5,000-6,000 and the environmental conditions; Preacher section includes the biographical study of Donne in 1622, and preaching style; And lastly, the sermon section analyze the context of the textual and his performance.
Visual Model
The visual model was created in Google SketchUp by Joshua Stephens, a graduate student in architecture in the College of Design at NC State University. The visual model shall illustrate the north side of Paul’s churchyard that includes the Preaching station, choir and the North Transept of the Cathedral, buildings surrounded the churchyard such as living accommodations and retail book stores. It also includes buildings along side of the north east corner of Paul’s churchyard such as “Paternoster Row to the north, The Old Change Street to the east, and the intersection at the west end of Cheapside Street”.
In creating the visual model, Dr Hall collaborated with Archaeologist John Schofield, the author of St Paul’s Cathedral Before Wren (2011) ), who provided research results on archaeological and architectural history of the St Paul Cathedral ruined in the great fire of London in 1666. The project website provides archaeological and visual record of preFire St Paul’s Cathedral and its surroundings for inspection and comparison with the visual model.The archelogical records are composed of “period engravings and paintings of the churchyard, scanned architectural drawings by Sir Christopher Wren, and contemporary plans of the cathedral’s foundations.”
John Gipkin, Painting of Paul’s Cross (1616). Image courtesy of the Bridgeman Art Library, New York, and the Society of Antiquaries, London.
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John Gipkin, Painting of Paul’s Cross (1616). Image courtesy of the Bridgeman Art Library, New York, and the Society of Antiquaries, London.
The visual model team utilized software to translate 2D primary sources drawings into 3D virtual models. They used AutoDesk Autocad for creating base digital drawing files such as “plans, sections, and elevation.” The drawings were synthesized in Trimble SketchUp to form a virtual representation of the Cathedral. They added visual details by simulating atmospheric qualities Using VRay, a rendering engine plug-in to SketchUp.
Architect David Hill, the associate professor who supervised the construction of the visual model and the website said that there were difficulties on portraying the bleakness of a November 5th Gunpowder day in 17th Century London. He stated
“Normally we would render something at a time of day when the sun is hitting just right, with good light quality, But this scene is on the north side of the church, and the sun doesn’t really shine there. So we weren’t dealing with the contrast of bright light and shadow that provides definition to architectural form, but with almost a full building in shadow.”
Paul’s Churchyard, looking east, from the west. From the Visual Model, constructed by Joshua Stephens, rendered by Jordan Gray.
St Paul’s Cathedral and Paul’s Churchyard, overhead view from the east. From the Visual Model, constructed by Joshua Stephens.
Paul’s Cross, from the Sermon House. From the Visual Model, constructed by Joshua Stephens, rendered by Jordan Gray.
Paul’s Cross from 25 feet. From the Visual Model, constructed by Joshua Stephens, rendered by Jordan Gray.
For video production, the team used AutoDesk 3D Studio to export the SketchUp model to utilize the program’s camera and scene-rate control capabilities. To exhibit the video in the library’s Teaching and Visualization Lab venue, Scott Williams, a systems programmer at the library, wrote a custom code for the video rendering process to project the video across an 80-foot-long, 270-degree screen.
Acoustic Model
Dr Hall shared, “My first efforts to get funding from the NEH for this project were turned down, basically on the grounds that visual models were now being done frequently so there was nothing special about them…I learned from Bernie Frischer, when he was head of Virginia’s Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, that people were beginning to do acoustic modeling as well as visual modeling, I sought to build a team to model the performance of John Donne’s sermon for November 5th, 1622 and to get funding to support our work. The NEH awarded us a grant to do this — the acoustic element being unusual and ground-breaking enough! — in 2011.”
In developing this project, their team created two separate models using SketchUp that requires different degrees of details: visual simulation and acoustic or audio production.
The sound production of the Virtual Paul’s Cross project was constructed using the CATT acoustic modeling program by Ben Markham and Matt Azebedo, acoustic engineers from Acentech Incorporated in Cambridge, MA.
Wire frame View of the Acoustic Model, Paul’s Churchyard, the Cross Yard. Wire frame from the Visual Model, constructed by Joshua Stephens.
In applying CATT, acoustic engineers created the model with acoustical characteristics such as sound absorption, sound diffusion, sound sources and receivers “calculated through a combination of geometrical and statistical processes”.
Ben and Matt guided the recordings of Donne’s Gunpowder Day sermon, the crowd noises, and the interruptions of dogs, birds, horses, and bells. They also created the program that blends all these together to be posted as the recordings available on the website. They created 12 listener positions in five versions of the sound model with audiences varying between zero and 5,000 people. The team used 90 independent instances of Artificial Intelligence technology and created listening algorithm that will follow the sermon and produced realistic, automatic crowd reactions. In similar manner, environmental sounds such as dogs, birds, and horses are fired “in the soundfield via stochastic processes”.
Evaluation of Process using Scholarly Primitives
When I was looking at the Virtual Paul’s Cross Project, being an academic scholar, we were taught about scholarly primitives to be as a guide in analyzing DH projects. Scholarly primitives “are basic to scholarship across eras and across media, and arose from the need to build improved networked tools for humanities scholars. The goal was to better understand the scholarly process and its composite activities in order to develop tools that facilitate them, to imagine some basic functions of scholarship that might be embodied in tools which, given a common architecture, could be combined to accomplish higher-order (axiomatic) functions”(Murray et al, 2014).
I had seen three approaches: Bamboo, Unsworth, and Palmer. I found Bamboo relevant to use in investigating Virtual Paul’s Cross Project demonstrated in the table below. Bamboo is the improved framework that enrich the approach of Unsworth and Palmer.
Bamboo Theme of Scholarly Practice | Virtual Paul’s Cross Project |
Gathering / Foraging | Dr Hall collaborated with Archaeologist John Schofield |
Synthesizing / Filtering | Study will focus on the John Donne’s Sermon on November 5, 1622 |
Contextualizing | Post Reformation London, Early Modern England, 17th Century Period, Gunpowder Day |
Conceptualizing, | Social and Political Agenda of the Sermon on Gunpowder Day |
Managing data | Managing data by using Digital Technology |
Annotating / | Annotation based from Primary sources |
Modeling / visualizing | Visual Model Acoustic Model |
Overlapping teaching and research, and Collaboration | Collaborating with Architecture, Archaeology, Linguistic, and English Literature Department |
Sharing / dissemination / publishing | Creation of the website and writing scholarly journals, Public Interviews |
Funding | Funded by National Endowment for the Humanities |
Citation, credit, peer-review,advisory review | Creation of advisory team |
Evaluation of Virtual Team Management
Guidelines for Managing Virtual Teams over the Life of a Project (Beranek et al) | Virtual Paul’s Cross project |
Pre-project Phase | |
1.1.Establish and Communicate Project Mission, Priority and Success Criteria | -To create realistic images of lost buildings using digital technology -recreation of John Donne’s Sermon on November 5, 1622 . |
1.2.Select Team Members | Interdisciplinary team members from the field of architectural history, archaeology, church history, political history, cultural history, rhetoric, religious history, literary history, and finally, historical records of climate, weather, and urban design |
1.3.Define Roles | Using technological expertise in visual and acoustic modeling, Hall assembled two groups to bring together data and scholarship A. Production Team with the technical and scholarly expertise to get the project done; B. Advisory Committee, experts who provides advice and information to guide us in our work, written letters of support, and given credibility to our project. |
1.4.Determine Technology Requirements | A. Visual Model Google Sketch Up AutoDesk Autocad VRay B. Acoustic Model Google Sketch Up CATT acoustic modeling program Artificial Intelligence (Listening Algorithm) |
Project Initiation & Midstream Phase | |
2.1Establish and manage team boundaries | The importance of frequent communication among team members from various fields combined with the advises from advisory committee. |
2.2Develop Shared Mental Models | |
2.3 Create and Maintain Awareness | |
2.4 Manage Communication Processes | |
Wrap Up | |
4.1Lessons learned 4.2 Annotate Success | Perseverance & Persistence in raising funds The capabilities and limitations of digital technology |
Challenges & Opportunities
Dr John Wall searched for his dream team, and shared,
“I had to accept rejection from time to time, or deal with the fact that some folks needed more money to join up than I had available…The most interesting obstacle, however, has been discovering that some members of the scholarly community have not been willing to accept the outcomes of what we’ve been doing as real scholarship in the humanities, especially when what we have learned we have learned entirely from our work with our models, and for which we can find no support in the historic record. One member of my original Advisory Committee resigned, for example, when we came to argue that preachers at Paul’s Cross must have had some way of keeping track of time as they delivered their sermons, other than the conventional hour glass we can see in use in contemporary paintings and engravings of sermons being delivered during this period. This has led to helpful new discoveries in the epistemology of historical research.”
“The informal work of getting interdisciplinary teams together on this campus is not that difficult,” Wall says. “I think you can find somebody on this campus to do just about anything. What’s more difficult, from an academic perspective, is finding a collaborative project that is worthwhile for everybody.”
Dr Wall persisted on his vision. He received another funding from NEH in 2015 to complete a model for a full day of worship inside the cathedral.
III. Conclusions & Recommendations
The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project has a lot to offer in Digital Humanities, a new life to the traditional method. Experiencing John Donne’s Sermon on Gunpowder day on November 5, 1622 is being in the past but not through time travel, but a breakthrough of digital model using visual and acoustic model immersing in “an event as it unfolds moment by moment, using our ears as well as our eyes, experiencing a recreation, not just holding a book.”
The making of the Virtual Project is also an opportunity to form character persevering in the face of rejection and failure. To reiterate, in establishing a successful Digital Humanities, rejection and failure are part of success. This principle can be used even in real life. Dr John T. Wall shared,
“I have also had to persist in trying and trying again to get funding. It took 4 tries to get the initial grant, and 3 tries to get the second, larger one. In each case, I learned from failure, in ways that helped me refine my understanding of what I wanted to do and how I articulated that to the funding agencies”.
The main lessons learned from the Virtual Paul’s Cross project team is team effort and team work. Davil Hill wrote,
“The collaborative nature of this project was crucial to its success. It would have been impossible without the contributions of participants in architecture, audio engineering, information technology, archaeology, history, and an authority on John Donne. Post-Reformation scholars likely do not spend time learning the latest building simulation software. And while architects might have the technical skills to build digital models, they are not necessarily experts in audio engineering or 17th century poets. Frequent communication among team members from various fields combined with advice and oversight from an advisory committee ensured the project’s success”.
For recommendation, I suggest to make a further research on digital scent technology to be used for the Virtual project. It has a promising future but currently dangerous to health due to synthetic odors.
IV. REFERENCES
1. View of Virtual Paul’s Cross Project: A Digital Recreation of John Donne’s Gunpowder Day Sermon. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://emdr.itercommunity.org/index.php/emdr/article/view/65/17
2.Immersing Oneself in the Past: The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project | immersivescholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.immersivescholar.org/news/pauls-cross-NCSU
- Wall, J. (2014). Recovering Lost Acoustic Spaces: St. Paul’s Cathedral and Paul’s Churchyard in 1622. Digital Studies/Le Champ Numérique, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.58
- Interview with John Wall of the Virtual Paul’s Cross Project – Digital Humanities Collaborative of North Carolina. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://dhcnc.org/interview/interview-with-john-wall-of-the-virtual-pauls-cross-project/
- Paul’s Cross Scores Digital Humanities Award – ProQuest. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1668188763/BE3F4CBA034A4BF7PQ/1?accountid=207160
- Virtual Pauls Cross Website | Virtual Paul’s Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/
- Wall, J. (2014). Recovering Lost Acoustic Spaces: St. Paul’s Cathedral and Paul’s Churchyard in 1622. Digital Studies/Le Champ Numérique, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.58
- The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project: Digital Modeling’s Uneasy Approximations | EDUCAUSE. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://er.educause.edu/articles/2014/10/the-virtual-pauls-cross-project-digital-modelings-uneasy-approximations
- The Virtual Paul’s Cross Project: Digital Modeling’s Uneasy Approximations | EDUCAUSE. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://er.educause.edu/articles/2014/10/the-virtual-pauls-cross-project-digital-modelings-uneasy-approximations
- Hill, D. (2014). The Visual Model for the Paul’s Cross Project.
- Transforming the Object of our Study: The Early Modern Sermon and the Virtual Paul’s Cross Project Journal of Digital Humanities. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/3-1/transforming-the-object-of-our-study-by-john-n-wall/
- Support | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/references/
- Sermon | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/the-sermon/
- Occasion | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/occasion/
- Preacher | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/preacher-2/
- Acoustics | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen/
- Churchyard | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/visual-model/
- Churchyard | Virtual Pauls Cross Website. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/visual-model/
- Beranek, P. M., Broder, J., Reinig, B. A., Romano Jr, N. C., Packard, H., Jr, R., … Sump, S. (2005). Management of Virtual Project Teams: Guidelines for Team Leaders. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01610
- James I and the Historians: Toward a Reconsideration on JSTOR. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/175090?seq=1
- People – Department of English – Dr John N Wall – NC State. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://english.chass.ncsu.edu/faculty_staff/jnwall
- Murray, A., Murray, A., & Wiercinski, J. (2014). A Design Methodology for Web-based Sound Archives. Digital Humanities Quarterly, 008(2).
- Murray, A., Murray, A., & Wiercinski, J. (2014). A Design Methodology for Web-based Sound Archives. Digital Humanities Quarterly, 008(2).
- Tiatco, S. A. P. (2015). Entablado: Theaters and Performances in the Philippines – artbooks.ph. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://artbooks.ph/products/entablado-theaters-and-performances-in-the-philippines
(The author is dedicating this article to Bicolano Expert on Theatre and Performance Studies Dr Jazmin Llana; to my UP, PNU, and Ateneo Professors: Carlos Palanca Awardee Palanca Awardee Dr. Sir Anril Pineda Tiatco, Prof. Katherine Estevez, Dr. Diego Maranan, Dr Lars Ubaldo, Dr Myla Arcinas, Mam Portia Soriano and Dr Danilo Gerona, Filipino Historian; and to my Guitar coach Sir Timothy Pacpaco, National Champion)
About the Author
Peter Dadis Breboneria II (Formerly Peter Reganit Breboneria II) is the founder of the International Center for Youth Development (ICYD) and the program author/ developer of the Philippines first internet-based Alternative Learning System and Utak Henyo Program of the Department of Education featured by GMA News & Public Affairs and ABS-CBN and MOA signed by Department of Education, Voice of the Youth Network, Junior Chamber International (JCI), and the Philippine Music and the Arts. You may visit his website at www.peterbreboneria.com
